Environmentally Friendly

Bio-Gasoline: Gasoline Environmentally FriendlyWith the reduction in crude oil resources, the development and use of alternative fuels from renewable natural resources to be one option that is expected to meet the demand for fuel is increasing. In addition, the use of alternative fuels from renewable natural resources also provide a variety of positive impacts, including greenhouse gas emissions more environmentally friendly (especially to reduce greenhouse gases), and the potential for the development of the agricultural industry.One type of alternative fuels from renewable natural resource that is currently widely used is biodiesel. After the development of biodiesel, the development of alternative fuels is also directed to make biogasoline, with component mixtures using bioethanol. This article discusses about biogasoline and its use as a substitute for gasoline from petroleum.
Ethanol and BioethanolEthanol or ethyl alcohol (better known as "alcohol", the chemical symbol C2H5OH) is a colorless liquid with a characteristic such as flammable, water soluble, biodegradable, not carcinogenic, and if there is contamination does not provide a significant environmental impact. The use of ethanol as a fuel of high octane value or octane-enhancing additive in the fuel actually been done since the 19th century. At first the ethanol used to fuel light on the period before the civil war in the United States. Then in 1860 Nikolaus Otto's use of ethanol fuel in developing the Otto cycle engine. Car Model T by Henry Ford, which was launched in 1908 designed to use ethanol fuel or gasoline. But because the price is very high, ethanol can not compete with fuel made from petroleum. Oil prices soared lately makes people come back to consider ethanol to be used as vehicle fuel.There are several ways to use ethanol gasoline mixtures as follows:Hydrous ethanol (95% volume), namely ethanol containing a little water. This mixture was used directly as a substitute for gasoline in vehicles with engines that have been modified.
* Anhydrous ethanol (or Dehydrated ethanol), which is ethanol-free water and most do not have a purity of 99%. Ethanol can be blended with conventional gasoline with levels between 5-85%. In a mixture of gasoline with ethanol between 5-10%, this fuel can be directly used in vehicle engines without any modification. The common mixture used is 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline (known as E10). Mix ethanol with higher levels (85% bioethanol content or known by the name E85) can only be used on machines that have been modified vehicle, known as flexible fuel vehicle. Modifications are generally performed on the vehicle fuel tank and fuel injection system.* Ethanol is also used as raw material for ETBE (ethyl-tertiary-butyl-ether), conventional gasoline additive.
Bioethanol is ethanol produced from biomass raw materials such as maize, cassava, sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugarcane, beet, and also waste biomass such as corn cobs, hay waste, and other vegetable waste. Bioethanol is produced by biochemical technology, through the fermentation process of raw materials, then the ethanol is separated by water produced by distillation and dehydration process.The use of bioethanol as a mixture of biogasoline has advantages as follows:
* Increase the octane number (to replace the TEL as an additive, thus reducing emissions of heavy metals lead)* Generate a more complete combustion (reduce emissions of carbon monoxide)* Reduce exhaust emissions of carbon dioxide (research shows a reduction up to 40-80%), and sulfur compounds (reducing acid rain)
Bioethanol ProductionBioethanol is produced from biomass by the hydrolysis and fermentation of sugar. Biomass contains carbohydrate polymers in the form of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin. To produce sugars from biomass, biomass is processed using acid and enzymes. Cellulose and hemi-cellulose hydrolyzed into sucrose, and then fermented into ethanol.Fermentation of sugar into ethanol is done by adding yeast (yeast). Yeast contains the enzyme invertase, which acts as a catalyst to convert sucrose into glucose and fructose (C6H12O6). Fructose and glucose zymase then reacts with the enzyme that converts fructose and glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. The fermentation process lasts for 3 days and takes place at temperatures of 250-300 ° C. Ethanol is produced from the fermentation process and then separated from water using a distillation process.To produce 1000 liters of bioethanol, is required for each type of biomass raw materials as follows:
* Corn 2300 kg* 2800 kg Wheat* 10000 kg of sugar beet* Sugarcane 13 000 kg